High Risk Youth A Public Health Approach By Doctor Dawn...

From 2002 to 206, 20% of all homicides in Urban areas could be attributed to gang violence (McDaniels, 2012). One notable characteristic of gang membership in the United States, is that youth who join gangs are more likely to engage in assault, robbery, felony theft, and breaking and entering, than their non-gang peers (Hill, et al., 2001). The lack of proper parental supervision in communities with high risk factors such as high poverty rates, is closely associated with delinquent behaviors in juveniles. It is therefore worthwhile to study the impact of socioeconomic factors in a child’s upbringing, and how such factors influence a child’s tendency to engage in deviant behavior. Consequently, it is also equally as important to study the protective barriers parents and community provide to their youth that assist in better coping with adversity. The scholarly article, â€Å"Risk and protective factors associated with gang affiliation among high-risk youth: a public health approach†, written by Doctor Dawn Delfin McDaniels, was first published in 2012 in the BMJ Journals. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors of high-risk youth and by doing so, also identify violence-prevention strategies (McDaniels, 2012). McDaniels analyzed data from the CDC’s 2004 cross-sectional survey ‘Youth Violence Survey: Linkages Among Different Forms of Violence’. The data collected from 4,131 youths in grades 7, 9, 11, and 12, in high-risk, urban schools, was used to find an

Sociology Paper The Other Wes Moore - 1356 Words

Taylor Faucett Tuesday/Thursday 9:30-10:45 The Other Wes Moore One Name, Two Fates â€Å"The chilling truth is that his story could have been mine. The tragedy is that my story could have been his† (Moore, 2010, front cover). The Other Wes Moore is about two guys with the same name but end up going down totally different paths in life, hence the quote. In this paper it will discuss the novel, The Other Wes Moore, describe their social location, and describe the sociological perspectives used in sociology and analyze excerpts from the book using each of the three sociological perspectives. Social location is the combination of social factors which locate someone in society (Henslin,2013, pg. 4). Social location includes: Sex/Gender,†¦show more content†¦If one thinks an issue might be a conflict ask these questions and if they can be answered then this would be the correct sociological perspective. The second sociological perspective is functionalism and it just like conflict has a macro view on issues. When thinking about functionalism break the word up and it will help to give you a clear definition. Each part of the problem with function individually and then they will work together to cooperate. Functionalism like conflict has three questions that need to be answered. â€Å" What parts of society are involved? What functions do the parts play? How are they related to one another/ or how do they impact one another† (Halperin, 2/13/15). If these questions cant be answered then it doesnt fall under the perspective of functionalism. The last sociological perspective and the most challenging to recognize is symbolic interaction. Symbolic interaction focuses on how human beings interpret symbols and communicate and forge a sense of self ( Halperin, 2/13/15). Symbolic interaction has five/six questions that need to be answered â€Å"What communication is taking place? What symbols are being used /or how is the communication taking place? How does the communicatio n shape perception? How are the parties being influenced by their interaction with one another? What social roles are being played out? (Halperin. 2/13/15). InShow MoreRelatedRecent Changes in British Society and Greater Diversity of Family Types1379 Words   |  6 PagesChanges in British Society and Greater Diversity of Family Types Recent changes in British society have led to a greater diversity of family types, Some writers have argued that traditional family life is disappearing in Britain Moore, 1987, Sociology alive. Most people seem to view the traditional family as a married male and female with dependant children, however family types today may include one parent families, same sex families, unmarried parents who co habit and most Read More Deviant Behavior Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesDeviant Behavior Deviant behavior refers to behavior that does not conform to norms, does not meet the expectations of a group of a society as a whole. After birth, children begin to experience situations with others. They are taught what he or she should and should not do, what is good or bad and what is right or wrong. Learning habits that conform to the customs and traditions of the groups into which the child is born develops a system of values. These values provide justification and motivationRead MoreDeviant Behavior Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesDeviant behavior refers to behavior that does not conform to norms, does not meet the expectations of a group of a society as a whole. After birth, children begin to experience situations with others. They are taught what he or she should and should not do, what is good or bad and what is right or wrong. Learning habits that conform to the customs and traditions of the groups into which the child is born develops a system of values. These values provide justification and motivation or for wantingRead MoreEssay on Sociology on Marriage1621 Words   |  7 Pages12/2/2010 Sociology Final Paper Marriage and Family The simplest and most basic foundation of a sociological civilization or group begins at the core center of sociology; which is marriage and the inner-fabric creation of a family. It is said that matches are made in heaven, however finding and defining your â€Å"soul mate† differs from one social group to the next. The social institution of marriage changes and adapts consistently through time, religious practice, and national beliefsRead MoreThe Gender Differences in Particular Types of Crime Essay examples1198 Words   |  5 Pages The object of this paper is to explain gender differences in particular types of crime. I intend to do this by using various books and the Internet to briefly explore burglary, prostitution and crime related to a violent nature. I also wish to include any graphs or statistics I may find of interest and relevance to this essay. It has been stated that the differences between men and women, and their upbringing, has greatly influenced the crimes they commit and whetherRead MoreWhite Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack1455 Words   |  6 PagesThis purpose of this paper is to synthesize this writer s three key revelations from this semester which are, (1) white privilege, (2) curriculum corruption and inadequate United States history education in K-12 public schools, and (3) United States legislation which disadvantages the minor races as a means for the dominate race to maintain power and control. Thus, this exploration organizes each area of significant course discovery, which a hybrid of class sources and readings relating to eachRead MoreMarx and Durkheim and their Theories of Capitalism and Industrialism1735 Words   |  7 Pagesideas. In this paper, I will be exploring the conflicting sociological ideologies of Marx and Durkheim in relation as to how useful they are at understanding the rise of compulsory education in Britain. Prior to the rise of compulsory education, schooling had a very small influence upon the masses. In general, only the wealthy could afford to send their children; mainly boys to school. This was primarily to study book knowledge and writing in the hope to become priests. This paper will focus onRead MoreStructural Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism Conflict Theory System3328 Words   |  14 PagesStructural Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism Conflict Theory System Theory The origin of sociology developed and took place in Europe during the early eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The factors that led to the development of sociology are industrial economy, the growth of cities, and political change. Europe was changing from agriculture to factory production. Masses of people moved to the cities in search of work. In cities people met anonymity, crowding, filth, and poverty. The IndustrialRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School1692 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The future belongs to the nation that best educates its citizens. We have everything we need to be that nation †¦ and yet, despite resources that are unmatched anywhere in the world, we have let our grades slip, our schools crumble, our teacher’s quality fall short and other nations outpace us†-President Obama (Splitt). As a recent high school graduate, I was proud of my accomplishments and the fact that I was the first in my family to go to college. Before I started college, my brother started hisRead MoreExective Summary. Game Theory Is A Fascinating Subject.1570 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' EXECTIVE SUMMARY Game theory is a fascinating subject. It is applied in many various academic fields including economics, management, biology, psychology, sociology etc. The purpose of this paper is to apply game theory to problem solving and risk management. First we present briefly game theory and illustrate the relationship between game theory, strategic planning and risk management. Game theory is combined with the theory of risk management to capture any opportunity

Health Promotion and Preventions Free Essays

Health promotion and disease prevention are processes that enable individuals to improve their health. Health promotion seeks to increase an individual’s control over their health by addressing behavior under the control of the individual. Disease prevention is associated with medical and public health activities to prevent diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion and Preventions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Health promotion and disease prevention have been utilized in the U. S. health care system for many of years and extensive research has been done on which preventive measures are most likely to protect individual health.Studies have also been done on what degree can preventions contribute to controlling costs of health care. Research supports the effectiveness of the preventative measures such as immunization, some forms of screening, avoidance of a high-fat diet, regular moderate exercise, as well the avoidance or cessation of exposure to tobacco. But research has also shown that preventative measures increase, rather than reduce, health care costs. Research has shown that preventative interventions preserve function and extend lives.Studies have shown immunization to be a good example of a prevention that promotes individual health and longevity. The benefits of immunization can been seen in young people and in the elderly. For decades the elderly have been receiving vaccination against influenza and it is also commonplace for young children to receive inoculations for diptheria, tentanus, pertussis, polio, meningitis-causing Haemophilus influenzae, measles, mups, rubells, and hepatitis B. 1 A study from the Netherlands demonstrates the health benefits of the elderly receiving annual influenza vaccination.The findings from the study were that the those who received annual vaccination experienced a reduced mortality risk of 24 percent and it was estimated that the vaccination prevented one death for every 302 people vaccinate d. 1 Immunization has also eradicated diseases that once threaten the lives of children in the U. S. , as illustrated by the history of the disease pertussis. Between 1934 and 1943 there were on average 200,000 annual incidence of the disease, including over 4,000 deaths. After the introduction of childhood vaccination for pertussis in the 1940’s, reported cases drastically declined and reached a low of 1,000 in 1976. Research has also shown that some types of screening are good examples of preventative measures that effectively protect individuals. Screening is a strategy used to detect a disease in individuals who are without signs or symptoms of that disease. Between the early 1970s and 2000, use of the Pap test decreased incidence and mortality from invasive cervical cancer by 40 percent in the U. S. 1 The screening is almost an ideal because it is inexpensive, convenient, effective in detection, and cervical cancer is highly curable when detected early.The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force also strongly recommends screenings for colorectal cancer, high blood pressure, and Chlamydia infection. 1 As significant as disease prevention, health promotions in lifestyle and risk reduction in the areas of tobacco, body weight, diet and exercise have been shown in studies to protect individual health. The most important of these studies that show the benefit of lifestyle preventative practices are the Framingham Heart Study and the Nurses’ Health Study.The Framingham Heart Study has been a main source of information regarding an individual’s attributes that lead to cardiovascular disease. The early findings of the study identified smoking, high blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose intolerance as risk factors for heart disease. 1 Before the study it was thought that heart disease may be unpredictable. Recently findings show that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a characteristic predictive of heart disease. The Framingham study had major implications on lifestyle in regards to physical activity and diet as preventative practices.It showed the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was less common in physically active individuals. The study also showed that being overweight is associated with risk factors such as lower levels of high-density lipoprotein, high blood pressure, and diabetes. The Nurses’ Health Study found similar results regarding the effects of diet and lifestyle on heart disease. The study concluded that among women, adherence to preventative practices involving diet, exercise, and abstinence from smoking is associated with a very low risk of coronary heart disease. The health risks of certain diets have also been the subject of many studies. Trials have shown that consumption of trans fatty acids produces factors that are predictive of heart disease. 1 Alternatively, studies have concluded that a preventative practice of a diet rich in non-trans fats, whole-grains, abundant fruits and vegetable, and adequate in omega-3 fatty acids offered significant reduction in heart diease. 1 Health promotion and disease prevention has also been thought as a means to control health care costs in the US. It is seems logical to assume that health care cost would be reduced by individuals avoiding illness and that illness detected early are less expensive to treat. Research has shown that some preventative measures may reduce health cost, but many actually increase health care cost. The work of the economist Louise B. Russell offers very informative cost effectiveness analysis of the preventative practices of vaccination. 1 Russell studied a campaign during the 1960s to inoculate children against the measles shortly following the introduction of an anti-measles vaccine.She calculated the cost of the immunization intervention to be the sum of the cost of administering the vaccines and the cost of treating people who contracted measles, which included children that may have missed the vaccine or for who the vaccine was ineffective. Russell’s findings were that the intervention saved 973 lives and prevented 3,000 children from being mentally retarded. She also found that campaign reduced absenteeism from school and work due to measles by 34 million days.She concluded that the intervention cost $31 million, but saved $200 million in institutional care for children who would have become retarded had they not been vaccinated. This type of preventative measure can be seen as very cost effective. Russell also concluded that other vaccination programs weren’t cost effective. She found that a small pox vaccination administered to 37,901 people because of a threat of bioterrorism attack resulted in 85 hospitalizations, 10 life-threatening diseases, 2 permanently disabilities, and 3 deaths. This intervention proved very costly since there wasn’t a bioterrorism attack.The preventative measure of screening also proves to increase cost of health care in the US. The costs of screening include the diagnosis, medication, doctor visits, and treatment of side effects. Additional cost also result from the increased life expectancy of the individuals who are successfully treated. Conversely, if an individual isn’t screened the individual’s death result in the end of incurring health care costs. Screening for colorectal cancer, the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the U. S. , also revel an increase in the cost of health care.The American Cancer Society recommends that colonoscopies be the preferred method of screening. In 2005 colonoscopies amounted to 60% of all colorectal cancer tests. 3 But colonoscopy is expensive and carries a higher risk of serious complications that other screening choices. Cost benefit analysis of cervical cancer screening also illustrate the increase in health care costs. Studies by a research team in Georgetown University indicated that Pap tests reduced deaths by 75% when done every three years and the cost per quality-adjusted life year gained would have been $11,839.The study also found that a more aggressive treatment resulted in deaths reduced by 95%, but the of a cost per quality-adjusted life year gained would increase to $76,183. 1 Health promotion interventions in lifestyle offer uncertain cost-effectiveness and cost impact. A case can also be made that tobacco control increases the costs of health care and that smoking itself is an effective cost control. Smokers due require more medical care when they are alive, but upon the death of smokers, saving can be realized in nursing homes expenses, and the unutilized pension and Social Security benefits.Cost effectiveness analysis is not a complete approach to view health promotion and disease prevention. Though costly, preventative interventions in immunization, screening and lifestyle have been found by research to protect individual health. Cost effectiveness analysis should then rather be concerned with comparing alternative interventions. A good example of this type analysis is of colorectal screening, in which recommendation was for the intervention that would save the most lives at a given expenditure level. Russell said it best that â€Å"even when prevention does not save money, it can be a worthwhile investment in better health, and this- not cost savings- is the criterion on which it should be judged. †1 1. Greenwald HP. 2010. Health Care in the United States: Organization, Management, and Policy 2. Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson et al. 2000. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 3. Subramanian S, Bobashev G, Morris RJ. 2010. When budgets are tight, there are better options than colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. Health Affairs How to cite Health Promotion and Preventions, Papers

Germans Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn Essay Example For Students

Germans Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn Essay The reading of the enlightenment by immanuel Kant and moses Mendelssohn. The Enlightenment, an rational motion that well influenced scientific and societal thought of the 18th century, was exposed to a profound analysis by Immanuel Kant who connected the construct of enlightenment with personal freedom, chew overing over ‘private’ and ‘public’ use of ground, and Moses Mendelssohn who introduced the impressions ‘civil enlightenment’ and ‘human enlightenment’ to distinguish between societal and single apprehension of enlightenment. While Kant looked for the ways to accomplish a balance between public and private use of ground, Mendelssohn paid attending to the differences between human and civil enlightenment, uncovering the troubles of geting this balance. However, in their definitions of enlightenment both Kant, the follower of the German Enlightenment, and Mendelssohn, the conceiver of the Haskalah, the Enlightenment of Jews, uncovered â€Å"the tenseness between the docket of enlightenment and the exi gencies of society† ( Schmidt 5 ) . Making an effort to supply his definition of the Enlightenment in the essay â€Å"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment? † written as a response to the Reverend Zollner, Immanuel Kant states that â€Å"enlightenment is man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage† ( 83 ) . Therefore, harmonizing to Kant, enlightenment is achieved through personal freedom that is impossible to get without such important human traits as bravery and mind ( Belas 457-460 ) . However, Kant’s definition of enlightenment expels an unfastened battle, because it can return people to tutelage, striping them of the possibility to accomplish enlightenment. Proposing to extinguish certain church and province limitations, Kant applies to two different uses of ground that constitute true enlightenment – ‘private’ use and ‘public’ use. As Kant points out, â€Å"By the public usage of one’s ground I understand the usage of which a individua l makes of it as a bookman before the reading populace. Private usage I call that which may do of it in a peculiar civil station of office which entrusted to him† ( 89 ) . Although the philosopher draws a analogue between these constructs, he points at the fact that the private use of ground should be subjected to certain restrictions, while the public use of ground should be kept free, because â€Å"it entirely can convey about enlightenment among men† ( Kant 89 ) . In this respect, Moses Mendelssohn’s definition of the Enlightenment is similar to Kant’s definition, but Mendelssohn relies on different constructs in his analysis. Mendelssohn respects enlightenment as the acquisition of peculiar cognition that creates the necessary balance between a individual as a citizen and a individual as a human being. In position of this definition, Mendelssohn differentiates between ‘civil enlightenment’ , which corresponds with certain societal involvem ents, and ‘human enlightenment’ , which deals with single cognition of a individual and, harmonizing to James Schmidt, â€Å"paid heed neither to some differentiations nor to the care of societal order† ( 5 ) . However, unlike Immanuel Kant, Moses Mendelssohn admits that there are some peculiar instances when public facets of enlightenment should be strongly restricted. As Schmidt provinces, â€Å"While Mendelssohn was willing to profess that there might be certain unhappy fortunes in which doctrine must stay soundless lest it pose a menace to public order, Kant was uncompromising in his insisting that the public exercising of ground should neer be restricted† ( 5-6 ) . To some extent, Kant’s attitude can be explained by that fact that the philosopher interprets enlightenment through the issues of faith, sing the bing spiritual tenet as an obstruction towards personal freedom ( Lassman 815-820 ) . Therefore, sing freedom as one of the most important facets of enlightenment, Kant at the same time brings up a inquiry of people’s independency from faith, while Mendelssohn points at freedom within spiritual religion. In this context, Kant tends to specify enlightenment in practical footings, while Mendelssohn analyses theoretical facets of enlightenment, claiming that â€Å"Enlightenment seems†¦ to hold to make with the theore tical, specifically with sound apprehensiveness of the universe in an nonsubjective sense† ( 313 ) . Operating with the impression ‘Bildung’ that means cognition in a wider sense of the word and combines two societal elements – enlightenment and civilization, Moses Mendelssohn claims that enlightenment greatly depends on civilization. As the philosopher puts it, â€Å"Enlightenment is to civilization as theory is to pattern, as understanding is to morality, as cultural unfavorable judgment is to virtuosity. When viewed objectively in and of themselves, they exist in the closest possible synergism, even if they can be viewed subjectively as separate categories† ( 314 ) . In position of this definition it is clear that for a individual as a citizen both civilization and enlightenment are of import, because, harmonizing to Mendelssohn, â€Å"all practical virtuousnesss merely get significance in relation to life in the societal sphere† ( 315 ) . However, for a individual as a human being enlightenment is more important than civilization. On the other manus, Mendelssohn states that enlightenment contributes to theoretical use, while civilization is better applied to practical use. But those states that manage to unite both civilization and enlightenment achieve the highest degree of the Enlightenment, like the Ancient Greeks. Mendelssohn considers that modern societies seldom achieve this criterion, as he claims, â€Å"Nurembergers have more civilization, Berliners more enlightenment, the French more civilization, the British more enlightenment, the Siamese more civilization and small enlightenment† ( 314 ) . The similar impression is expressed by Kant who points at the fact that assorted spiritual tenets deprive people of the possibility to accomplish freedom and enlightenment ; that is why modern people merely strive for enlightenment, but they do no live within enlightenment. Harmonizing to Kant, people find it truly hard to acquire rid of someone’s counsel, particularly the counsel of church or provi nce. But Kant puts major duty for such dependance from faith on people who are unable to suitably utilize their mind to get true enlightenment. The philosopher thinks that faith destroys people’s egos and deprives them of the possibility to achieve the equilibrium of private and public use of ground. For Kant, enlightenment is determined by a person’s capacity to freely use his/her ground. Theoretically, every individual has rights and abilities to use his/her ground, but in pattern merely some persons reveal power and bravery to accomplish enlightenment. For case, Kant states that a priest should curtail his private use of ground, because he follows the spiritual tenet of his church ; nevertheless, he should non curtail his public use of ground, if he can do some utile offers and supply new cognition. In this respect, Immanuel Kant respects enlightenment as a uninterrupted advancement, but he states that â€Å"a public can accomplish enlightenment merely slowly† ( 84 ) . The philosopher acknowledges that some societal alterations can ensue in the riddance of certain prejudices or tenet, but these old biass can be replaced by new prejudices and regulations of behavior that may decelerate down the procedure of enlightenment. However, Kant points out that enlightenmen t can be delayed merely for a short period of clip, but â€Å"to give up enlightenment wholly, either for oneself or one’s posterities, is to go against and to tread upon the sacred rights of man† ( 86 ) . Kant considers that the 18th century is the age of enlightenment, as assorted spiritual issues are exposed to critical analysis by some persons who apply to ground to edify themselves. Discoursing the issue of enlightenment, Mendelssohn reveals that â€Å"reason could show the cardinal truths of natural religion† ( Arkush xiii ) . Mendelssohn claims that ground provides new apprehension of spiritual tenet, and it is this peculiar apprehension that contributes to people’s enlightenment. In this respect, Mendelssohn manages to set the Enlightenment’s reason with faith, although the philosopher realises that enlightenment provides people with free will and thought, while faith controls people’s actions and ideas. Career Development through International Mobility EssayThe differences between Kant and Mendelssohn are intensified even more when the philosophers discuss the morning of the age of enlightenment. Harmonizing to Moses Mendelssohn, the epoch of enlightenment would barely come, because throughout their history human existences have moved forth and rearward, forestalling further development of world. Moses considers that an single individual is able to get a certain degree of enlightenment ; nevertheless, full world creates changeless restrictions and Torahs, either spiritual or province, which hinder the procedure of enlightenment. In his analysis of enlightenment Kant expresses a different point of view ; in peculiar, he claims that world ever progresses in its development. Although the philosopher acknowledges the being of some restrictions and obstructions, he points at the fact that these bounds may merely decelerate down the procedure of enlightenment, but they can neer wholly d estruct it. As Kant respects enlightenment as a uninterrupted advancement, he realises that people, using ground and geting some cognition, will go on to endeavor for enlightenment. And it is this aspiration for profound cognition and apprehension of human being that Kant interprets as enlightenment. In this respect, Kant thinks that it is truly of import to pull a analogue between past and present coevalss, analyzing assorted phases of their development. On the other manus, Kant reveals an obvious obstruction to the advancement of enlightenment ; as people normally analyse merely separate parts of the existence, they fail to unite these elements into a complete image. As a consequence of this inability, human existences may happen it hard to act upon each other and to the full incorporate into the procedure of enlightenment. However, despite these obvious differences, both Kant and Mendelssohn in their reading of enlightenment brand efforts to keep the thoughts of rationalism without an unfastened rejection of the being of God. This is particularly true in respect to Moses Mendelssohn who does non dispute the being of God, but opposes the bing spiritual Torahs that create the unchanging truth for trusters, striping them of the possibility to accomplish enlightenment. Therefore, both Mendelssohn and Kant define enlightenment through the analysis of the practical ways to accomplish enlightenment ; nevertheless, unlike Mendelssohn, Kant bases his definition on certain negations, such as ‘dependence’ , ‘immaturity’ , ‘shortage of courage’ . In this context, Kant demonstrates that the first measure in geting enlightenment is the riddance of everything that deprives people of ground and freedom ; merely get the better ofing the first phase of riddance, a individual is able to continue to the 2nd phase of acquisition. Analyzing the definitions of the Enlightenment by Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn, the essay has revealed that Kant’s reading of enlightenment is based on the construct of freedom and mainly trades with a person’s ability to get the better of immatureness and interior frights. Discoursing enlightenment, particularly through spiritual facets, Kant provides two major constructs that represent his vision – ‘private’ and ‘public’ use of ground. Mendelssohn’s reading of enlightenment reflects a close connexion between enlightenment and civilization, but the philosopher’s differentiation of ‘civil enlightenment’ and ‘human enlightenment’ demonstrates the difference between a individual as a citizen and a individual as a human being. Although both Kant and Mendelssohn adhere to public and private facets in their apprehension of enlightenment, their readings well differ. In peculiar, Kant considers tha t the public use of ground should be kept free, while the private use should be exposed to certain restrictions ; unlike Kant, Mendelssohn thinks that in some instances the public use should be restricted, or otherwise it may bring forth some negative effects for society. In this respect, Kant’s definition concerns a practical side of the issue, although it is based on the rules of ‘escape’ , for case, flight from interior frights toward adulthood. On the contrary, Mendelssohn’s definition is created on a theoretical footing and interprets enlightenment through the rules of ‘achievement’ . However, both Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn point at the necessity of freedom in the Enlightenment, despite the fact that Kant tends to keep the thought of freedom from faith, while Mendelssohn supports the thought of freedom within faith. Plants CitedAltmann, Alexander.Moses Mendelssohn, A Biographical Study.Heart of dixie: University of AlabamaImperativeness, 1973.Arkush, Allan.Moses Mendelssohn and the Enlightenment. Albany, NY: State University of NewYork Press, 1994.Beiser, Frederick.The Fate of Reason: German Doctrine from Kant to Fichte. Cambridge andLondon: Harvard University Press, 1987.Belas, L. Kant and the Enlightenment. Filozofia.54 ( 2000 ) : 457-463.Kant, Immanuel. What is Enlightenment.Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals and What isEnlightenment. By Immanuel Kant. New York: Macmillan, 1990. 83-90.Lassman, Peter. Enlightenment, Cultural Crisis, and Politicss. The Role of Intellectuals from Kantto Habermas. The European Legacy.5 ( 2000 ) : 815-828.Mendelssohn, Moses. On the Question: What does To Enlighten Mean?Philosophic Hagiographas.By Moses Mendelssohn. Trans. and ed. Daniel O. Dahlstrom. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1997. 313-317.Meyer, Michael.The Origins of the Modern Jew. Detroit : Wayne State University Press, 1967.Schmidt, James, erectile dysfunction.What is Enlightenment? : Eighteenth-Century Questions and Twentieth-CenturyAnswers. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1996.Shmueli, Efraim.Seven Judaic Cultures: A Reinterpretation of Judaic History and Thought.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Sorkin, David.Moses Mendelssohn and the Religious Enlightenment. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1996.